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Introduction
In reaching Vision 2020, Malaysia is expected to experience a tremendous pace of economic development. As a tradeoff, the uniquely Malaysia landscape of native climax forest might be lost as more land is needed to fulfill industrial and residential requirements. Nevertheless, Malaysians are increasingly aware of the effects of these changes to their livelihood. Unpleasant scenery and climate presented by urban environment and environmental degradation preceeding soil disturbance and removal of existing vegetation are current issues of major concern.
A Joint Research Project on Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem on a 47.5 ha site in UPM Campus Bintulu was undertaken by jointly two parties: Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), and Yokohama National University (YNU), Japan in late 1990. This project is sponsored by Mitsubishi Corporation, Japan. In December 1993, a new agreement was sealed between three parties; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Japanese Center for International Studies in Ecology (JISE). The project is expected to end in March 2045.
The 15-year old UPM-UNIMAS-JISE Joint Research Project has turned a degraded shifting cultivation area (Plate 1) into a dense canopy of luxurious tropical forests.
A study was conducted on the application of “random and mixed species”
forest rehabilitation technique towards creating a stand of native Malaysian
primary forest trees in degraded forest areas.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
1) restore disturbed tropical forest areas with native tree species
2) rehabilitate and improve the environmental conditions within the project areas
3) rebuilt the landscape of the study sites
4) understand the nature, tree-environmental relationships of the native species
Until year 2005, 350,000 forest tree seedlings from 126 tree species have been planted at four different areas. Meanwhile, 100 research plots were established and growth performance of planted seedlings were recorded twice a year.
15 years old (2005)
10 years old (2001)
5 years old (1996)
Before Planting (1990)
In year 2000, 15 tree species started flowering and fruiting at the plots established in 1991 to 1993. Some of the young seedlings already reached 4.5 meters in height and the survival rate for the seedlings ranged between 26% to 78%.
In general, survival rate of the planted seedlings are ranged between 10-15% for plots established in 1991 (more than 13 years old) meanwhile for five to eight-year olds plots, the survival rate are higher between 70 – 80%. The high mortality rate for older plots were caused by the high competition among planted seedlings for nutrients, light and space.
In terms of growth performance, planted trees at Phase One area shows there are some individual trees already reach more than 15meters in height. The forest established by this research had few stratas similar to the conditions in natural forest. The collection of tree species in this study were based on phytosociological studies of vegetation which have been done in surrounding forests in Bintulu.
A total of 116 indigenous trees species from 24 families was planted in this study.
Publications
Mohamad Azani Alias, Mohd Zaki Hamzah, Kazue Fujiwara and Shinichi Meguro. 1998. Rehabilitation of tropical rain forests based on potential natural vegetation species for degraded area in Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Tropics. March 1998.
Mohamad Azani A., Nik Muhamad Majid, Mohd Zaki Hamzah, I. Faridah Hanum, M.K. Yusoff, Ali Lee and Norsafaaizah Mohd Jaafar. 2003. Growth Performance Of Indigenous Tree Species At Rehabilitated Abandoned Shifting Cultivation Area In Bintulu, Sarawak. Paper in: Shigeo Kobayashi, Yoosuke Matsumoto and Emi Ueda (Eds) (2003) Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forests, Southeast Asia 2003. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Landscape Level Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forests on 18-19 Feb., 2003, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan.
A.M. Azani, N. M. Majid and S. Meguro. 1999. Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforests based on Indigenous Species. Pp In: S. Kobayashi, J. Turnbull, T. Mori and N.M.N.A. Majid (Eds.); Proceedings of the International workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 2-4 November 1999, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mohamad. Azani Alias, Nik Muhamad Majid, Shinichi Meguro. 1999. Potential climax species for rehabilitation of abandoned degraded shifting cultivation area in Bintulu, Sarawak. Pp In: S. Kobayashi, J. Turnbull, T. Mori and N.M.N.A. Majid (Eds.); Proceedings of the International workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 2-4 November 1999, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mohd Zaki H., B. Othman, M.T. Amir Hafidz, A. Mohamad Azani, M. Nik Muhamad & A.M Ismail Adnan 1995. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest areas in Sarawak using indigenous species – the Bintulu experience. Eco-habitat, 2(1): 11-18.
Mohamad Azani Alias, Kazue Fujiwara and Akira Miyawaki. 1995. The rehabilitation of the Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia - Four-year results of a scientific study by Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and Yokohama National University Japan. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology,Yokohama National University, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 59-87.
Kazue Fujiwara, Akira Miyawaki, Mohamad Azani Alias, Haji Othman Ismawi, Othman Bojo and Keiichi Ohno. 1995. Tropical rain forest in Kuching and Bintulu areas in Malaysia and experimental results of their restoration. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 37-58.
Mohd Zaki Hamzah, Othman Bojo, Amir Hafidz Mohd Taha, Mohamad Azani Alias, Nik Muhamad Majid and Ismail Adnan Abdul Malek. 1995. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical area in Sarawak using indigenous tree species- The Bintulu experience. ECO-HABITAT: JISE Research vol. 2 No.2. p. 11-17.
Mohd Zaki H., A. M. Ismail Adnan, M. Nik Muhamad & A. Mohamad Azani 1994. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical rainforest ecosyatem: UPM/UNIMAS Joint Research Project, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Suhartoyo A. & D. Hadriyanto, eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Asian Tropical Forest Management. PUREHUT-UNMUL and JICA, Samarinda, Indonesia. Pp. 144-165.
In reaching Vision 2020, Malaysia is expected to experience a tremendous pace of economic development. As a tradeoff, the uniquely Malaysia landscape of native climax forest might be lost as more land is needed to fulfill industrial and residential requirements. Nevertheless, Malaysians are increasingly aware of the effects of these changes to their livelihood. Unpleasant scenery and climate presented by urban environment and environmental degradation preceeding soil disturbance and removal of existing vegetation are current issues of major concern.
A Joint Research Project on Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem on a 47.5 ha site in UPM Campus Bintulu was undertaken by jointly two parties: Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), and Yokohama National University (YNU), Japan in late 1990. This project is sponsored by Mitsubishi Corporation, Japan. In December 1993, a new agreement was sealed between three parties; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Japanese Center for International Studies in Ecology (JISE). The project is expected to end in March 2045.
The 15-year old UPM-UNIMAS-JISE Joint Research Project has turned a degraded shifting cultivation area (Plate 1) into a dense canopy of luxurious tropical forests.
A study was conducted on the application of “random and mixed species”
forest rehabilitation technique towards creating a stand of native Malaysian
primary forest trees in degraded forest areas.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
1) restore disturbed tropical forest areas with native tree species
2) rehabilitate and improve the environmental conditions within the project areas
3) rebuilt the landscape of the study sites
4) understand the nature, tree-environmental relationships of the native species
Until year 2005, 350,000 forest tree seedlings from 126 tree species have been planted at four different areas. Meanwhile, 100 research plots were established and growth performance of planted seedlings were recorded twice a year.
15 years old (2005)
10 years old (2001)
5 years old (1996)
Before Planting (1990)
In year 2000, 15 tree species started flowering and fruiting at the plots established in 1991 to 1993. Some of the young seedlings already reached 4.5 meters in height and the survival rate for the seedlings ranged between 26% to 78%.
In general, survival rate of the planted seedlings are ranged between 10-15% for plots established in 1991 (more than 13 years old) meanwhile for five to eight-year olds plots, the survival rate are higher between 70 – 80%. The high mortality rate for older plots were caused by the high competition among planted seedlings for nutrients, light and space.
In terms of growth performance, planted trees at Phase One area shows there are some individual trees already reach more than 15meters in height. The forest established by this research had few stratas similar to the conditions in natural forest. The collection of tree species in this study were based on phytosociological studies of vegetation which have been done in surrounding forests in Bintulu.
A total of 116 indigenous trees species from 24 families was planted in this study.
Publications
Mohamad Azani Alias, Mohd Zaki Hamzah, Kazue Fujiwara and Shinichi Meguro. 1998. Rehabilitation of tropical rain forests based on potential natural vegetation species for degraded area in Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Tropics. March 1998.
Mohamad Azani A., Nik Muhamad Majid, Mohd Zaki Hamzah, I. Faridah Hanum, M.K. Yusoff, Ali Lee and Norsafaaizah Mohd Jaafar. 2003. Growth Performance Of Indigenous Tree Species At Rehabilitated Abandoned Shifting Cultivation Area In Bintulu, Sarawak. Paper in: Shigeo Kobayashi, Yoosuke Matsumoto and Emi Ueda (Eds) (2003) Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forests, Southeast Asia 2003. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Landscape Level Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forests on 18-19 Feb., 2003, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan.
A.M. Azani, N. M. Majid and S. Meguro. 1999. Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforests based on Indigenous Species. Pp In: S. Kobayashi, J. Turnbull, T. Mori and N.M.N.A. Majid (Eds.); Proceedings of the International workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 2-4 November 1999, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mohamad. Azani Alias, Nik Muhamad Majid, Shinichi Meguro. 1999. Potential climax species for rehabilitation of abandoned degraded shifting cultivation area in Bintulu, Sarawak. Pp In: S. Kobayashi, J. Turnbull, T. Mori and N.M.N.A. Majid (Eds.); Proceedings of the International workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 2-4 November 1999, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mohd Zaki H., B. Othman, M.T. Amir Hafidz, A. Mohamad Azani, M. Nik Muhamad & A.M Ismail Adnan 1995. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest areas in Sarawak using indigenous species – the Bintulu experience. Eco-habitat, 2(1): 11-18.
Mohamad Azani Alias, Kazue Fujiwara and Akira Miyawaki. 1995. The rehabilitation of the Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia - Four-year results of a scientific study by Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and Yokohama National University Japan. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology,Yokohama National University, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 59-87.
Kazue Fujiwara, Akira Miyawaki, Mohamad Azani Alias, Haji Othman Ismawi, Othman Bojo and Keiichi Ohno. 1995. Tropical rain forest in Kuching and Bintulu areas in Malaysia and experimental results of their restoration. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 37-58.
Mohd Zaki Hamzah, Othman Bojo, Amir Hafidz Mohd Taha, Mohamad Azani Alias, Nik Muhamad Majid and Ismail Adnan Abdul Malek. 1995. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical area in Sarawak using indigenous tree species- The Bintulu experience. ECO-HABITAT: JISE Research vol. 2 No.2. p. 11-17.
Mohd Zaki H., A. M. Ismail Adnan, M. Nik Muhamad & A. Mohamad Azani 1994. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical rainforest ecosyatem: UPM/UNIMAS Joint Research Project, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Suhartoyo A. & D. Hadriyanto, eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Asian Tropical Forest Management. PUREHUT-UNMUL and JICA, Samarinda, Indonesia. Pp. 144-165.
this is one of successful planted forest in the world kalo xsilap saye la..
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