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Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. (April 12, 2024): How does the U.S. military turn “dumb bombs” into highly accurate precision guided munitions that can are effective in all weather conditions? In this photo by Samuel King, Jr., Staff Sergeant Jacob Leasum, 96th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron Blue, guides a GBU-31 “smart” bomb into place during a weapons load crew competition. The GBU-31, also known as the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), is a guidance kit that converts gravity bombs into guided missiles that are not affected by environmental conditions.

The U.S. discovered a major flaw in its air-to-ground warfare strategy during Desert Storm when supposedly precision guided weapons were ineffective due to rain, clouds, fog, dust, or smoke. The infrared “seekers” used on American bombs were obscured by desert dust and smoke and therefore could not “see” their targets.

To counter this, the U.S. military commissioned Boeing to develop the first ever integrated inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Jointly developed by the Air Force and Navy, hence the "joint" in JDAM, the kits create a munition that is not affected by smoke or weather. The guidance package is bolted onto 500-to-2,000-pound unguided gravity bombs. The kit includes a tail section with aerodynamic control surfaces and a combined inertial guidance system with a GPS unit.